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[转帖]郑鸣谦《权术通论》(连载) 五千年政治智慧的终结版

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发表于 2007-2-9 01:02:00 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |正序浏览 |阅读模式
<p><font size="6"><a href="http://www.1911.cn/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=31&amp;ID=51886&amp;page=1">http://www.1911.cn/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=31&amp;ID=51886&amp;page=1</a></font></p><p><font size="6">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 前&nbsp;&nbsp; 言<br/></font><br/><br/></p><p></p><p></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 史家常用“一治一乱”来概括中国五千年历史,事实上,这五千年中哪有什么纯粹的“治世”。即便后人称道的“文景之治”、“贞观之治”,也都是治中有乱,治是相对的,乱却是绝对,只不过乱的大小、深浅有所不同罢了。</font></p><p><font size="3">原因何在?在于人自身。</font></p><p><font size="3">当代学者都说“人性好治”,其实只说对了一半,另一半是“人性好乱”,却被他们忽略了。政治学大师霍布斯几百年前就提出一个“臭名昭著”的观点:人都是自私的,会仅仅因一点蝇头小利而相互搏杀。这或许说得太过,却也并非一无是处。人莫不有所求,求莫不欲得,欲得则有争,有争则有乱。天下之事,庸人自扰,所以,乱不可能一日稍止。</font></p><p></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font size="3">承认乱不可能一日稍止,自非什么悲观主义,因为乱未必就是坏事——正因有乱,所以有变,正因有变,才有新生。正是在这个意义上,我们说:“乱是人类进步史的第一章,乱是人类进化的最大动力。”</font></p><p><font size="3">对于这一点,英国的<personname productid="汤应比" wst="on"></personname>汤应比<personname></personname>教授有非常详尽的阐释,在《历史研究》一书中,他分析了三种“乱”对人类社会的作用。</font></p><p><font size="3"><b>第一种“乱”是来自外界的突然打击。</b>他发现,许多老帝国的缔造者,在事业的中途就突然被推翻了,其后果却并非倒下就不再起来了,而是象希腊诸神里的安泰(<font face="Times New Roman">Antai</font>)巨人那样,倒下再站起来时反而增加了一倍力量。</font></p><p><font size="3">比如,罗马在维爱城同伊达里亚人进行了长期搏斗之后,才取得了拉丁姆全境的领袖地位,可不到五年,它就遭到了大难:罗马大军在阿里亚全军覆没,罗马城本身也被蛮族占领了。这场大难很可能一举而彻底毁灭罗马在不久前取得的权力和地位。然而,罗马却很快就从高卢灾难中恢复过来,在不到半个世纪的时间里,它就能够与意大利境内的邻邦做更长期更艰苦的周旋,并取得最后的胜利,终于控制了意大利全境。</font></p><p><font size="3">其次,当帖木儿在安卡拉战场上俘虏了闪电王巴耶塞特时,正是奥斯曼人行将在巴尔干半岛上征服东正教世界的主体时候。在此紧要关头,巴耶塞特的被俘对奥斯曼来说无疑是晴天霹雳。尚未完工的奥斯曼帝国大厦本应土崩瓦解。可事实并非如此,仅仅半个世纪以后,征服者穆罕默德占领了君士坦丁堡,在巴耶塞特的大厦顶上放置了最后一块宝石。</font></p><p><font size="3">这样的事例,简直不胜枚举。汤因比据此断言:<b>一个社会在惨遭溃败之后,反而会加倍用心地组织他们的活动,迅速崛起。</b><b><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<p></p></b></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><font size="3"><b>第二种“乱”是压力的刺激。汤因比发现,同一个社会,易受外来攻击时往往比安全时更繁荣。</b>比如,伊比利亚边区和多瑙河岸的哈布斯堡王朝都是在压力强大得可怕的时候,显得精力饱满,而外族压力一旦减轻,它们每一个,不论是西班牙、葡萄牙,还是奥地利,就统统松懈下来,在西方世界竞争激烈的国家之间,丧失了领导地位。</font></p><p><font size="3"><b>第三种“乱”是遭遇不幸的刺激。</b>经验证明,如果某一动物丧失了某种器官的机能,与其同类相比,成了某种机能的残废者。那么,对于这种挑战,它很可能产生一种反应,使它的另外一种器官或机能特别发达,其必然结局是在这方面超越它的同类以弥补另一方面的残缺。例如,盲人触觉特别发达,比视觉正常的人要灵敏得多。在社会体内,一个群体或阶级如果发生了社会性缺陷,也会激发同样的反应——在这方面受了妨碍,就集中精力向别的方面发杂货内,结果别的方面雄居榜首。最典型的事例,无疑是遭受迫害之后,犹太人所独具的坚韧和精明的特质。正是凭借这些特质,无家可归的犹太人才能在数千年的漫漫岁月中,创造出令人震撼的灿烂文化和经济奇迹。</font></p><p><font size="3">汤因比的这些远见卓识,曾令许多中国学子耳目一新,其实,远在三千年前,中国学者就有过同样精彩的总结:</font></p><p><font size="3">《尚书》:殷朝的前车之鉴,可以启发和造就后来的圣贤。多难必然兴邦。</font></p><p><font size="3">《孟子》:没有敌人存在,没有外部外戚存在,这样的国度不走向没落,那才是咄咄怪事。要知道。生于忧患,死于安乐。对个人如此,对一个国家来说,更是如此。</font></p><p><font size="3">《孟子》:若是孤臣孽子,朝不饱夕。自然不敢稍有懈怠。凡是要小心谨慎,思虑周详,最终会成就丰功伟绩,一鸣惊人。</font></p><p><font size="3">……</font></p><p><font size="3">中外圣贤的这些不刊之论,实在值得我们深思。水平则不流,水必激之而流;风静则无声,风必逆之而后响。没有压力,没有刺激,没有挑战,那么当然也就没有反应。没有反应,就不可能有变化,就不可能有新陈代谢。倘真如此,我们的祖先就不可能由猿进化为人,地球就不可能由洪荒进化为文明世界,乱是一种压力,乱是一种刺激,乱是一种挑战。正是这个意义上,我们断言:乱,是人类进化的最大动力;乱不可一日稍止。</font></p><p></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font size="3">有人会说:乱世之中,救死不瞻,哪还有其它奢望?既无其它奢望,进化又何从谈起?此说差矣。救死求生,其实不仅是人类的本能,更是人类进化的动力——它能排万难,能无生有,能小变大。它便是我们通常所说的“生存力”。而人类所以有此,则源于生存之威胁。“压迫力愈大,反抗力也愈大。”人类一切追求,均与求生息息相关。不然,也就无所求也。太古初民可谓无所求,可谓安定团结,却浑浑噩噩,不识不知。轩辕涿鹿之战,倒开启了中华五千年文明史。自此而降,或以天灾,或以人祸,生死搏斗之际,怵目惊心之余,愈来愈提高了人类生存的意识和技能,而负起进化之庄严使命。在此冲击涛陶之中,谁若丧失了生存意识和生存力量,谁就必归于消亡,其懦弱、其颓废,因其消亡而无法传之后世、遗毒后世。谁若智勇双全、百折不挠,谁就可以度尽劫波、巍然屹立,谁就成了人类延续的种子。如此才能“长江后浪推前浪,一代更比一代强。”换句话说,<b>生存力是人类延续的要素,延续是人类进化的要素,而乱当然是对人类生存力最严峻的考验。</b>通过这种考验而使人类生存力不断优化、强化;似此,乱必然构成人类进化的极重要的因素。就此角度来考察,说乱世掌握人类之选权、操纵进化之枢机,算不得夸张。</font></p><p><font size="3">有人或许仍旧不以为然:乱世纷纷,成者毁,败者顿;既然如此,又哪里谈得上什么进化呢?这种观点同样失之偏颇。今天不同于昨天,明天会不同于今天,这是至明之理。但假若败者已顿,成者亦毁,而毁的意义又仅仅是衰亡,那么请问:创造从何而来?新生从何而来?人类社会怎么可能日新月异?</font></p><p><font size="3">成者必毁,这是理势所必然。因为“万寿无疆”、“千秋永存”不过是人们浪漫的幻想,有诞生、有成长,就有衰亡。就此角度而言,我们所说的“成”都只是暂时的、相对的。但这只是事物的一个方面。我们必须同时承认:成由于毁。如果成者不毁,后起之“成”就不可能取代既有的、古老的“成”,一枝独秀就会扼杀百花齐放。所以,毁的意义不仅仅是衰亡——毁是为了成,没有毁就没有成。得璞算是一种“成”吧?可假若以中“成”为满足,不肯毁掉已得之璞,也就不可能得到新的“成”,更高层次的“成”——玉。得玉是“成”,但假若以这种“成”为满足,不肯毁掉已得之玉,也就不可能得到新的“成”、更高层次的“成”——器……,成有赖于毁,生有赖于死,这是进化观应有的结论。</font></p><p><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font>乱与治和毁与成,生与死的关系一样,相反而实相成。</font></p><p><font size="3">乱源是不可能真正灭绝的。人们通常所说的“治”,则不过是乱极之“休假”。其“休假”之长短,完全取决于现状与社会需要、社会评价之间的关系。倘若现状适应社会需要,因而社会评价良好,“休假”自然可以延长;否则,“休假”时间必定短暂,而现状归根到底只是眼前的现象,暂时的现象,在今天是“现状”,到明天就不见得是“现状”了。欲以今日之“现状”,而为明日、为永远之“现状”,以暂时之“休假”而为永远之“休假”,不啻是天方夜谭。</font></p><p><font size="3">世间任何事物,有阴必有阳,有正必有负。阴阳、正负相矛盾,矛必攻,盾必守。一守一攻,势必出现乱象,其结果必是不胜者败。而胜者自身又有其矛盾,又有其一攻一守、又出现乱象和一胜一败的结局。如此终而复始,循环不已。所谓不胜者败,换句话说,就是不适者毁,毁不终于毁,所以适者成;成不终于成,所以成者又毁。毁→成,成→毁,由此而不断进化,所以我们才说:乱与治,相反相成;毁与成,相克相生。</font></p><p></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"></font></p><p></p><p><font size="3">其理既如上述,至于具体方法,则需费笔墨深究。</font></p><p><font size="3">前面已经讲过,乱不可一日稍止,于是便有所谓圣、贤、仁、智、王霸、英雄、豪杰出。在笔者看来,所谓圣、贤、仁、智、王霸、英雄、豪杰,并非出于天命、天才,而是出于其超凡的智术,可履险如夷,可纵横无碍;疾风之下而为劲草,狂流之中而为砥石。所以,他们的智术,虽然不能说是放之四海而皆准的“普遍真理”,但确实值得后人认真发掘。</font></p><p><font size="3"><b>先哲的智术,诸家或各有所为,而其要则,不外为不败之方、生存之道而已。具体说来,大致可总结为四点:一是察知,二是道德、三是权威,四是谋术。</b>兹分术于下:</font></p><p><font size="3">什么是察知呢?知为行动的本源,所以孙子说:“知彼知己,百战不殆。”就此意义上说,知也决定着行动的结果——成败,所以,知也是成功的本源。</font></p><p><font size="3">苏秦当初以连横说秦,失意而归。为什么呢?当此之时,卫鞅刚刚遇害,秦国对游士非常反感,而且秦昭王即位不久,立足未稳,因此其主要兴趣和精力在于整顿内部,而非横戈向外。这就决定了苏秦必然处处碰壁。这时的苏秦,可称得上知己而不知彼——只有精深的学识和济世良药,却对疗治对象的具体情况不甚了了,用计非时。后来他说燕而燕从,说赵而赵服,说六国而六国重;这是为何?只是因为他用计正当其时。六国对咄咄逼人的秦国深感恐惧,惴惴不自安。苏秦主张六国联合起来共同抗秦,既符合六国的政治需要,又切实可行,所以他才一说即成。这时的苏秦,可称得上知彼知己。张仪入秦,很快被任命为秦相,是因为秦国苦于六国合纵之困,而张仪分化六国的“连横”妙计,可以使秦国转危为安,这可以说是知己知彼。邓析之见杀于子产,智伯之见灭于韩魏,便是不知彼、不知己的最好例证。胜败之数,于此可卜,范蠡知勾践之凶险残忍,张良知刘邦之薄恩寡情,于是功成身退,或泛舟湖上,或归隐林泉,才不致惨遭暗算。而文种、韩信之流,却没有范蠡、张良那样的洞察力,终于成了冤魂死鬼。诸葛亮未出茅庐,天下三分已定;谢安笑谈棋局,淝水一战已决……</font></p><p><font size="3">历史雄辩地证明:<b>有先见之明,可成事,可避凶;无先见之明,就难免“盲人骑瞎马,夜半临深池”。</b>所以,知——对己对于人的洞察——的意义,实在不可低估。</font></p><p><font size="3">什么是道德呢?道德者,应时之物也。夏穿葛冬穿裘,这便是应时。但假若夏穿裘冬穿葛,这当然是违时了。治世有治世的道德,乱世有乱世的道德,假若不分治世乱世,搬用一种“放之四海而皆准”的道德,这也是违时而且是更严重、后果更惨酷的违时。老子认为治之极“绝圣弃智”,确是至理名言。治之极,所有人都有自觉、自律,一切都合乎天意、顺乎人心,当然用不着英雄豪杰来统治众生,所谓圣、所谓智……,形形色色的雄才大略,都成了多余而被扫进了历史垃圾堆。所谓仁、所谓智,也就是道德和谋术,都是乱世的产物。姜太公说:“天下治,仁圣藏;天下乱,仁圣昌。”这真是一针见血啊!</font></p><p><font size="3">概而言之,人既为人而不为超人,则必有其为人之法则,也就是我们通常所说的“道德”。道德既是为人的法则,那么当然也就是生存的要典。人类的动物本能对于生存虽然很重要,但这种重要性毕竟有限。而道德则称得上天赋的动物本能之外的最大的生存力量。所以,有史以来,成功者无不以道德自居、至德自命。示人以道德、尊人以道德,制人所用的还是道德。以道德为美饰,以道德为利器,甚至于盖棺之后,还以道德为谧号。道德之左右人们的观念和行为,堪称悠久。威之所不及,利之所不逮,不能不出之以道德。孟子说:“仁者无敌于天下”,充分揭示了道德对于生存竞争的巨大价值。纵览五千年中国史,几乎没有一页不见道德的踪迹,即便是战国时代,各国无不以兼并杀伐为事、以诡诈巧取为能,诚所谓“非礼勿视、非礼勿听、非礼勿言、非礼勿动。”虽然骨子里惟利是图,但人人满口道德、仁义、礼信,一派君子风度。成则美誉归之,败则恶名聚之。权贵之门,仁义存焉;富豪之家,礼让至焉;往古皆然,于今为烈。所以,乱世取胜,仅恃谋术不过是“奸雄”,必须更讲究道德才可能为天下归心、永垂不朽的“英雄”。</font></p><p><font size="3">什么是权威?自己打个喷嚏,天下都感冒,这就是权威。贫家之子,一朝而车从如云,一怒而诸侯惧;布衣之辈,转瞬而叱咤风云、豪骏俯伏。为什么会这样呢?权威使然。无权威则众叛亲离,甚至身受异处,有权威则天下俯首,甚至有人将亲子剁成肉泥供献樽前……这样的事简直不胜枚举。权威点石成金、化腐朽为神奇之妙用,令人瞠目结舌。除了那些与世无争的隐士,乱世之民,谁会对、谁敢对堂堂权柄敬而远之呢?</font></p><p><font size="3">最后,简单地谈谈谋术。</font></p><p><font size="3">什么是谋术?孔子曾经讲过:“好谋而成。”孟子则说:“是乃仁术。”可见,圣人并不讳言谋术。所谓谋术,概言之便是智慧和知识的运用、行动的方法、成功的必由之路。或出于“正道”,或出于诡诈,其为谋术则一,其以成功为最高目的则一,我们又怎么可以用伦理标准来苛求它呢?</font></p><p><font size="3">捕虎设阱、驭牛加轭,这便是所谓谋术。虎和牛之所以受制于人,并非因为它们的力气不如人,而是因为它们智不如人。无智则无谋术,无谋术则受制于谋术,智不足则谋术不足,末流谋术则受制于一流谋术。所以,谋术是生物进化最强劲的推动力。具体到人类自身,浑噩之世则徒以体力取胜,文明之世则以谋术取胜,这也是理势所然。以力取胜固然也会导致纷争,但这种纷争毕竟还很单纯、规模很小。若以智取胜,则纷争不仅复杂,而且规模愈来愈大,频率愈来愈高。彼以谋术来,我以谋术往,乱也就看不见尽头了。所以,老子才说:“绝智去圣,民利百倍。”“圣人不死,大盗不止。”不过,话虽如此,人类毕竟不可返于毫无纷争的太古浑噩之世,也不可能“进”于老子和他的学生们梦寐以求的静若死水的“乌托邦”。当今之世,人莫不“予智自雄”;倘若我一厢情愿,单方抛弃谋术,自毁长城,也就难免“身败名裂,为天下笑”。诚如韩非所云:“当大事之世,而循揖让之轨,这远非圣人之治。”所以,谋术不可一日无,犹如乱不可能一日止。</font></p><p><font size="3">虎豹出没,鸱巢毁室,我却束手奉之以肉,安枕望其不来,这与自杀没什么两样。假若有所为而为之,那是不得不如此。所以,谋术出于不得已,是自卫性武器。太古浑噩之世,人人绝对平等,无可慕,也就无可争,谋术也就一无所用。待到富贵尊荣之势成,为人慕,也为人妒,于是纷争起,于是圣、贤、仁、智、王霸、英雄、豪杰应运而生,谋术也就愈来愈妙用去穷。起初谋术仅用于自卫,后来也用于自利,再后来更用于损人,其性质因之愈来愈复杂。虽然如此,谋术之祸害有并非谋术之咎,谋术之于人,若水火之于人,水火可利人,也可害人,而其利害则完全取决于人们如何运用。所以,谋术之祸害,只能归咎于人自身;谋术之祸害,不应导致“脏水连同婴儿一起泼掉”的荒谬结局。</font></p><p><font size="3">以上四点,当然不足概括中国古代乱世哲学的全貌,但通过以上四点,对中国古代乱世哲学的精华,还是可以窥其一斑的。</font></p><p><font size="3">昔人诗云:“安得山中千日酒,酣然直到太平时。”我则说:“安得仙家一管笔,欣然写到太平书。”</font></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-2-8 17:03:49编辑过]

17#
发表于 2007-3-7 00:21:00 | 只看该作者
好文章,继续关注中
16#
发表于 2007-2-21 23:01:00 | 只看该作者
15#
发表于 2007-2-9 16:50:00 | 只看该作者
又一颗钻石闪闪发光
14#
 楼主| 发表于 2007-2-9 01:55:00 | 只看该作者
<div class="quote"><b>以下是引用<i>一诺千斤</i>在2007-2-8 17:33:00的发言:</b><br/><p>天哪!</p><p>大蒜什么都嘎牛的啊!</p></div><p>&nbsp; </p><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 附和下。郑鸣谦是我见过的最博学的人。 </p><p>&nbsp; </p><p>&nbsp;</p>
13#
发表于 2007-2-9 01:48:00 | 只看该作者
<p>不打击了,这种文章打击也打击不来了</p><p>呵呵 </p>
12#
 楼主| 发表于 2007-2-9 01:45:00 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 63.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 117pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 117.0pt;"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">第三章<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></b></font><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其他观察方法</span></b></font><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></b></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"></font><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p></span></b></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">一、观友相人法</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">孟子说:“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">一乡之善士斯友一乡之善士,一国之善士斯友一国之善士,天下之善士斯友天下之善士……,是尚友也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">套用时下流行的词汇,这段话的大意是:物以类聚,人以群分。所以,根据某人的知交的言行表现,推荐某人的品质和能力,是一种便捷而可靠的观察法。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">二、访乡设问法</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">管子设计了一套考核程序:访问乡里,参其成事,设问国患。“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">公宣问其乡里,而有考验。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”就是遍问乡里的群众,以考其所行皆有事验。然后,“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">乃召而与之坐,省相其质,以参其成功成事。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”这就是时下流行的面试,主要内容是参验应聘者此前已做成了一些什么事。进而,“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">设问国家之患而不肉。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”就是考问应聘者,对国家目前尚未解决的难题有何高见,借此察验其智谋的深浅。面试结束,还须“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">退而察何乡里,以观其能。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">三、实践试用法</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">韩非子认为仅仅听言和短暂的接触,不足以察人。于是提出实践试用法。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">失视锻锡而察其青黄,区治不能以必剑;水击鹄雁,陆断驹马,则臧获不疑钝利。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">光看剑的色泽,连最著名的铸剑专<personname productid="家区治" wst="on"></personname><personname></personname>家区治<personname></personname><personname></personname>先生也难断是否好剑。如果能用剑在水中砍死鹄和雁,在陆上杀死马,那么,就连奴婢之辈也不会怀疑这剑的锋利了。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">同理,“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">发齿吻形容,伯乐不能以必马;授车就驾而观其末途,则臧获不疑驽良。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">拨开马口,看看牙齿,端详马的外形,就是有名的伯乐也不能判定马的优劣,让马拉着车奔驰,直到它抵达终点,那么就是奴婢之辈也不会怀疑马的剽悍了。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">“</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="2">观容服,听辞言,仲尼不能以必士;施之官职,课其共伐,则庸人不疑于愚智。”</font><span lang="EN-US"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font size="2">单看人的相貌衣着,听听他的言谈辞令,就是圣人也不能判定一个人的贤恶智愚。给人一个官职,考核他的工作成绩,那么,就是平常人也不会怀疑他的聪明或愚鲁了。由此得出的必然结论是:</font><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><font size="2">凡是选拔出来拟授以重任的人,均应经过实践考核。</font><span lang="EN-US"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></b></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">四、观隐</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">要防止假冒伪劣混入人才市场,必须观隐。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">孟子曾告戒我们,通过上述种种方法还不能担保得到的都是贤士。他指出:假冒伪劣中,为害甚大的是“狂士”和“乡愿”。这些人志大才疏,言行不一,成事不足败事有余,因而是“乱苗”的“恶莠”、“乱德”的恶人。似此,观隐,也就是通过一定的外露信息来明察被观察者有意遮掩的东西,以识破假人才,也就非常必要了。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《逸周书》也认为:“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">民生有阴有阳,人多隐其情,饰其伪,以攻其名。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”人人都戴有假面具,来掩盖自己的真实面目,不仅掩盖其丑的一面,还常常掩盖其真善美。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">为此,《逸周书》将那些金玉其外而败絮其中的人分为六类:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">(一)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">隐于仁贤者。</b>此类小人有以下表象。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">小施而好德,小让而争大,言愿以为质,伪爱以为忠,尊其得以改其名。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">大意是:好施小恩小惠,吃小亏而占大便宜,轻诺寡言,封官许愿,以阿谀奉承来做出一付忠心耿耿的假象。这样的人惯以巧诈手段来盗取仁贤的虚名,实际上尽干些贪得无厌的事。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">用今天的时髦词来讲,就是“又当婊子又立牌坊。”对这种人当然要提高警惕。</b></font></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></b></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">(二)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">隐于智理者:即假学者。</b>他们的表象是:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">前总唱功,虑诚弗及;佯为不言,内诚不是,色示有余,自顺而不让,措辞而不遂。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">大意是:在人前总是吹嘘自己曾有何等功绩,实际上远非如此;在人前假装大智若愚,实际上肚里没多少东西;咬文嚼字,卖弄辞藻有余,而思想无深度;处处装出一副有智理的样子。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">这种人可虚与委蛇,但不能派实际用场。</b></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">(三)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">隐于文艺者:即附庸风雅之人。</b>其表象是:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">“动人以言,竭而弗终;问则不对,佯为不穷;口貌而有余,假道而自顺,因之口初,穷则托深。”</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">大意是:说起话来娓娓动听,天花乱坠,但枯肠竭肚,有始无终;别人提问无以作答,却佯装懂得太多,一副不知从何说起的高深莫测的样子。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">对这种人,只可一笑置之。</b></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">(四)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">隐于勇廉者。</b>此类小人的表象是:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">浮言以为廉,矫厉以为勇,内恐外夸,亟称其说,以诈临人。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">大意是:对人显出一付大义凛然,无私无畏的模样,实际上稍遇险阻便内心恐惧。口头上夸夸其谈,以欺骗诈哄形世。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">对这种人,须敬而远之。</b></font></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></b></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">(五)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">隐于忠孝者。</b>此类小人的表象是:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">自事其亲而好以告人,饰见其物,不诚于内。发名以事亲,自以名私其身。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">大意是:为自己的长辈做了丁点好事,本是分内之事,却自以为了不得,深怕别人不知道,在外面大吹大擂,其内心对亲长并不诚心。不过是捞取忠孝之名,以遮掩其不忠不孝之实。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">(六)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">隐于交友者。</b>此类小人的表象是:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">比周以相誉,知贤可征而左右不同。不同而交,交必重己。心说而身弗近,身近而实不至。惧不尽见于众而貌克。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">大意是:结成狐朋狗党以互相吹捧,明知贤明之士与己有天壤之别,也挖空心思与其谋一面之交,然后以此为资本吹嘘自己与某某贤士是知己,生怕别人看轻自己。如此沽名钓誉,当然不堪重用。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">但观隐能否达到预期目的,也就是能否识破假象,关键还在于作为考察主体的“伯乐”,对信息如何取舍、分析。</font></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></b></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《吕氏春秋》说:“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">贤者善人以人,中人以事,不肖者以财。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”贤者考察人,以人的自身价值为主要根据;次一等的考察者,看重别人办事出力的情况;末流考察者,只看重别人能否在钱财上对自己有所“贡献”。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所以,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">《吕氏春秋》说:“</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">得一良马,不若得一伯乐。</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”有了优秀的考察者,何愁挖不出优秀人才?</span></b></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">《列子》讲了一个故事:九方皋对马的雌雄、颜色都不注意,竟把一匹黑马说成黄色的母马。虽然如此,他却相中了别人没能相中的千里马。伯乐喟然叹息,说:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">皋之所观天机也。得其精而忘其粗,在其内而忘其外;见其所见,不见其所不见,视其所视,而遗其所不视。若皋之相者,乃有贵乎马者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">就是说,九方皋疏漏的是皮毛,抓住了却是本质。抓住本质非芸芸众生所能为,只有把握了天机的人才能做到。伯乐据此断言:九方皋达到了比他高千万倍的相马水准。伯乐虽不免夸张,但道出了考察者本身的重要以及考察者过滤的信息的重要。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="2"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-2-8 17:47:14编辑过]

11#
 楼主| 发表于 2007-2-9 01:45:00 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 82.95pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.87;"><font size="2"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第二节、情感反应考验</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">:</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">&nbsp;</font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">喜之以观其轻。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”使他高兴,看他高兴时容易忽视什么。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">怒之以观其重。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”故意激怒他,看他气愤时重视什么。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">醉之以酒观其恭。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”故意灌醉他,看他醉后能否保持礼节。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">从之色以观其常。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”让他有放纵淫乐的条件,看他能否不失态。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">远之以观其不二。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”故意冷落他,看他是否如以往一样诚挚。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">昵之以观其不狎。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”假装亲近他,看他是否溜须拍马。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">然后,“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">复征其言以观其精。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”(通过交谈以观察其志向和情操。)</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">曲看其行以观其备。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”(通过复杂的行为以观察其反应。)</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="2"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">惧之以验其持。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”(使其恐惧以考验其是否有胆量。)</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="2"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p><font size="2"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="2">这两种考验法,都是考察人的对外的表现。此外,还有所谓“六戚”、“四稳”来考察人对内的表现。六戚就是父、母、兄、弟、妻、子。四隐是指交友、故旧、邑里、门郭。也就是说要看被考察者对六戚四隐的态度是否符合孝悌礼义,看其私生活是否与伦理规范要求的一致。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-2-8 17:46:35编辑过]

10#
 楼主| 发表于 2007-2-9 01:44:00 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 120.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: list 120.75pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">第一章<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></b></font><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">动态考验法</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 63.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第一节、行为品质反应考验</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">荀子认为:必须把一个人置于动荡变化的环境中,才能考验他的应变能力;或者把他置于安逸的环境,看他是否会放荡淫乱。让他接触声色、权利、险患,看他是否在任何环境中都忠于职守。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《逸周书》则提出了如下几种具体方法:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">设之以谋,以观其智。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”使他处于别人的阴谋算计之中,看他能否机智应付,有类于侦察员的结业考试。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">示之以难,以观其勇。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”使他处于困难面前,看他有无勇气去克服。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">烦之以事,以观其治。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”使他处于琐碎繁杂的事务中,看他能否处理得井井有条。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">临之以利,以观其不贪。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”让他处于近水楼台先得月的环境中,看他是否不贪私利。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">滥之以乐,以观其不荒。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”使他处于淫靡的乐舞中,看他能否不放浪形骸。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p>
9#
 楼主| 发表于 2007-2-9 01:33:00 | 只看该作者
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3"><strong>其四是听言,即通过考察其言论、谈吐来察其志。</strong></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(一)日益者与日损者的区别:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">志殷以渊,其气宽以柔,其色俭而不谄,其礼先人,其言后人,见其不足,曰日益者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">志大而深刻的人,气质宽缓,情绪不易外露,不卑不亢,礼在人先,发表意见在人之后,并能知道自己的不足之处,这样的人就会常常进步。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">好临人以色,高人以气,贤人以言,防其所不足,发其所不能,曰日损者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">有些人情绪外露,盛气凌人,好为人师,遮掩自己的短处,炫耀自己的长处,这样的人必每况愈下。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(二)有质者与无质者的区别:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">有貌直而不止,其言正而无私,不饰其美,不隐其恶,不防其过,曰有质者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">神色从容,不卑躬屈膝,说话正义凛然,不夸大自己的好处,不隐瞒自己的缺陷和过失,这样的人可称作气质好的人。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">其貌曲媚,其言工巧,饰见其物,务其小证,以故自说,曰无质者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">见人就点头哈腰,说话曲意奉承,卖弄小聪明,有点小成绩就沾沾自喜。这样的人便是气质差的人。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(三)平心固守者与鄙心假气者的区别:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">喜怒以物而色不变,烦乱以事而志不营,深导以利而心不移,临慑以威而气不卑,曰平心而固守者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">遇到可喜的事不得意忘形,遇到挫折不垂头丧气,遇到烦乱之事而志向不惑乱,不受利诱,不怕威胁,可称作平心固守者。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">喜怒以物而心变易,烦乱以事而志不殆,导之以利而心迁移,临慑以威</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;">惵</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">惧,曰鄙心假气者。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">心境易被外在因素所左右而喜怒无常,事业生活一遇到麻烦便不能坚持自己的志向,而且易向威胁利诱低头,这是平心固守者的反面——鄙心假气之人。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(四)有虑者与愚依者的区别:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">设之以物而数(速)决,敬(惊)之以卒而度应,不文而辩,曰有虑者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">决事果断,遇仓促之事善于应变,雄辩而不夸夸其谈,这可称为有虑者。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">难决以物,难说以守,一而不可变,困而不知止,曰愚依人者。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">优柔寡断,死搬教条,做了蠢事而不知适可即止,这样的人可称作愚依人者。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(五)果敢者与弱志向者的区别:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">营之以物而不误,犯之以卒而不惧,置义而不可迁,临之货色而不过,曰果敢者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">决心做的事一定要做到,即便遭遇不测,也不惊慌失措,在任何情况下都坚持真理,即便在金钱美女的引诱下也不愈越雷池。这样的人可称为果敢者。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">“移易以言,志不能固,已诺无决,曰弱志者也。”</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">人云亦云,没有主见,没有固定的志向,已答应了的事又下不了决心去做,这样的人就是弱智者。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(六)质静者与妒诬者的区别:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">“顺予之弗为喜,非夺之弗为怒,沉默而寡言,多稽而险貌,曰质静者也。”</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">不因得利而沾沾自喜,不因意外失去而恼羞成怒,沉默而寡言,决事不慌乱,情绪能自控,这样的人可称为质静者。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">屏言而弗顾,自烦而弗让,非是而疆之,曰妒诬者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">花言巧语,对人任意褒贬,而不管前后是否矛盾,这样的人是妒诬之人。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">总而言之,考言是为了观其志。“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">微而能发,察而能深,宽顺而恭俭,温柔而能断,果敢而能屈,曰志治者也。华废而诬,巧言令色,皆以无为有者也。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">以上几种识人术,都侧重于人的外在形象,可冠之为“生理因素考察术”。如果着眼点集中于人的社会性,则派生出如下几种方法:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(一)就社会地位论:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">富贵者,观其有礼施;贫贱者,观其有德守;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">嬖</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">宠者,观其不骄奢;隐约者,观其不慑惧。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">这段话的大意是:对于地位高贵的人,主要看他是否待人以礼,乐善好施;对于地位贫贱之人,主要看他能否在贫贱之中保持道德操守;对<personname productid="于受到" wst="on"></personname>于受到<personname></personname>君主宠信的当权者,主要看他能否做到不骄奢淫逸,克尽职守;对于那些不得志者,主要看他能否不畏权势,保持高洁独立的人格。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(二)就年龄论</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">其少者,观其恭敬好学而能悌;其壮者,观其廉洁务行而胜私;其老者,观其思慎而益疆。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">这段话的大意是:对青少年,主要看他是否恭敬好学和尊从兄长;对壮年人,主要看他是否廉洁奉公和塌实肯干;对于老年人,主要看他是否思虑深慎,老当益壮。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(三)就人际关系论:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">父子之间,观其孝慈;兄弟之间,观其和友;君臣之间,观其忠惠;乡党之间,观其信诚。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">这段话的大意是:对于父子关系,主要看是否父慈子孝;对于兄弟关系,主要看是否兄和弟友;对君臣关系,只要看他是否臣忠君惠;对于乡邻关系,主要看他是否遵守诺言,互相信任。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font size="3">(四)就生活行为论:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">通则观其所礼</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”——命运通达时观其宾礼什么人;</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">贵则观其所进</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”——对地位显贵者观察其推荐什么人;</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">富者观其所养</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”——对富贵观察其是否养贤;</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">听则观其所行</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”——对发表主张的要观察其行为是否符合仁道;</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">止则观其所好</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”——观察被观察者休息时的喜好是否仁义;</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">习则观其所言</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”——观察其学习时是否言道;</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">穷则观其所不受</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”——观察其穷困时是否接受不义之财;</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">贱则观其所不为</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”——观察其低贱时是否不做不义之事。</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font size="3"></font></p></span></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p><font size="3"></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt;"><font size="3"></font><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p><p></p>
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-2-8 17:37:28编辑过]

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