<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 方正大标宋简体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">中国佛教第一宗</font><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">­<shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" coordsize="21600,21600" ospt="75" opreferrelative="t"></shapetype><shapetype></shapetype><br/> <stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><stroke></stroke><stroke></stroke><stroke></stroke><formulas></formulas><formulas></formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f><f></f><f></f><f></f><formulas></formulas><formulas></formulas><path gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f" oconnecttype="rect"></path><path></path><path></path><path></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock><lock></lock><lock></lock><lock></lock><shapetype></shapetype><shapetype></shapetype></font><shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" oole="" style="WIDTH: 45pt; HEIGHT: 3.75pt;"></shape><shape></shape><imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\stone\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.wmz" otitle=""></imagedata><imagedata></imagedata><imagedata></imagedata><imagedata></imagedata><shape></shape><shape></shape></span><font face="Times New Roman">天台宗</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 方正大标宋简体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">《天台社会科学》编辑部<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><font size="4">天台宗,因创始人常住浙江天台山而得名。它以《妙法莲华经》为宗旨,《大智度论》作指南,《大般涅槃经》为扶疏,《大般若经》为观法。而其教义主要依据《妙法莲华经》,故也称法华宗。</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><font size="4">天台宗学统是龙树、慧文、慧思、智顗、灌顶、智威、慧威、玄朗、湛然九祖相承。该宗思想源自龙树,启蒙于北齐慧文。他从《大智度论》卷二十七关于解释《大品》“道种智”、“一切智”和“一切种智”之文,悟解到三智“一心中得”的道理,又结合《中论·观四谛品》的三是偈:“因缘所生法,我说即是空,亦为是假名,亦是中道义”,确立了一心中观空、观假、观中的“一心三观”理论。慧思继承此说,并结合《妙法莲华经》要义,又阐发“诸法实相”之说。慧思兼重定慧,实为以后天台宗止观双修的起缘。后慧思传智,智再发挥,终于形成以“一念三千”和“三谛圆融”为中心思想的独立学派。智一本师传的宗旨,教观总持,解行并进,一变当时南义北禅的佛教学风。著有《法华玄义》、《法华文句》、《摩诃止观》,世称天台三大部。弟子灌顶得其真传,作《涅槃玄义》和《涅槃经疏》,很有发挥。传到湛然,以中兴天台宗为已任,对天台三大部都有翔实注解,发挥三谛圆融的义理。又针对华严宗、法相宗和禅宗,写了《金刚錍》、《法华五百问论》和《止观义例》等著作,提出了无情有性的观点,对天台宗以后的发展有很大影响。湛然的弟子有道邃、行满等。经过会昌禁佛和五代之乱,典籍湮没殆尽。道邃下五传弟子义寂,通过吴越王钱俶遣使到高丽、日本访求天台宗典籍,高丽派谛观送来教典等,才使该宗学说得以延续和发展。义寂的再传弟子知礼,因受同学之请,撰《释难扶宗记》,驳同门另一僧人晤恩等以《金光明经玄义》广本为伪作,而引起了一场历时七年的山家、山外之争。争论的焦点是:真心观还是妄心观,色法具否三千等问题。山家主张妄心观与色心共具三千;山外相反,主张真心观,色法不具三千。山外的主张有些接近华严宗的教观,被山家斥为不纯,不久即衰。这次争论记载在《四明十义书》中。天台宗在元、明两代式微。明末有智旭自称“私淑台宗”,著《法华会义》等多种,对天台教观颇有发挥。晚近有谛闲著《大乘止观述记》等十余种。</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><font size="4">智判佛一代说法为五时八教。五时即华严时、阿含时、方等时、般若时、法华涅槃时。这是佛陀在不同时机、对不同听众分五个阶段说出的五类不同教法,叫“别义五时”。各时相互融通,谓之“通义五时”。从佛陀教法的方式方面判为化仪四教,从其内容方面判为化法四教,合称八教。化仪四教为顿、渐、秘密、不定。化法四教为藏、通、别、圆,与五时所说诸经相配,《妙法莲华经》是纯圆教。</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><font size="4">天台宗的主要思想是实相和止观,以实相阐明理论,用止观指导实修。止是定,观是慧,摄(散)心入止为定,静明观照为慧,止中有观,观中有止。“止观明静”,即含止观并运、定慧力等之意。</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><font size="4">该宗是中国佛教最早创立的一个宗派。它集合南北各家义学和禅观之说,加以整理和发展而成一家之言。当时得到朝野的支持和信奉,对隋唐以后成立的各宗派多有影响。元明以后,该宗学者往往兼倡净土,形成“教在天台,行归净土”之风。该宗在汉族地区虽几经兴衰,但仍延续至今不绝。</font></span></p><font size="4"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 9</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪初,日本僧人最澄将此宗传到日本,在平安时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(784</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">1192)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,与真言宗并列发展,史称“平安二宗”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">13</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪由此宗分出日莲宗。当今,日本天台本宗、日莲宗都很兴旺,而日莲宗在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪又分出几个新兴教派。北宋元丰八年,高丽王子义天入天台山求法,归国后建国清寺,创高丽天台宗。韩日天台宗均以天台山国清寺为其祖庭,常组团前来朝拜,并建祖师纪念亭、纪念堂于寺内。</span></font>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-6-9 13:46:17编辑过]
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